Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu al-Hassanأبو
Title(Arabic/Turkish)- Amir al-Mu'minin(Commander of the Faithful)[9]
Importance - Birinci Ali[10]
Title(Arabic/Turkish)- Amir al-Mu'minin(Commander of the Faithful)[9]
Importance - Birinci Ali[10]
The first Imam and the rightful successor of the Prophet of all Shi'a; however, the Sunnis acknowledge him as the fourth Caliph as well. He holds a high position in almost all Sufi Muslim orders (Turuq); the members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[9]
Assassinated by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite in Kufa, who slashed him with a poisoned sword.[9][12] Buried at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq.
2Hassan ibn Aliالحسن بن علي
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu Muhammadأبو محمد
Title(Arabic/Turkish) - al-Mujtaba
Importance - Ikinci Ali[10]
He was the eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah Zahra. Hasan succeeded his father as the caliph in Kufa, and on the basis of peace treaty with Muawiya I, he relinquished control of Iraq following a reign of seven months.[15]
Poisoned by his wife in Medina, Saudi Arabia on the orders of the Caliph Muawiya.[16] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi.
3Husayn ibn Aliالحسین بن علي
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu Abdillahأبو عبدالله
Title(Arabic/Turkish) - Sayed al-Shuhada
Importance - Ūçüncü Ali[10]
3Husayn ibn Aliالحسین بن علي
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu Abdillahأبو عبدالله
Title(Arabic/Turkish) - Sayed al-Shuhada
Importance - Ūçüncü Ali[10]
He was a grandson of Muhammad and brother of Hasan ibn Ali. Husayn opposed the validity of Caliph Yazid I. As a result, he and his family were later killed in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces. After this incident, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali has become a central ritual in Shi'a identity.[17][19]
Killed and beheaded at the Battle of Karbala.[17] Buried at the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, Iraq.
4Ali ibn al-Husseinعلي بن الحسین
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu Muhammadأبو محمد
Title(Arabic/Turkish) - al-Sajjad, Zain al-Abedin
[20]
Importance - Dorduncu Ali[10]
Author of prayers in Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, which is known as "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet." [21]
According to most Shi'a scholars, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph al-Walid I in Medina, Saudi Arabia.[21] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi.
5Muhammad ibn Aliمحمد بن علي
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu Ja'farأبو جعفر
Title(Arabic/Turkish) - al-Baqir al-Ulum
(splitting open knowledge) [22]
Importance - Besinci Ali[10]
Sunni and Shi'a sources both describe him as one of the early and most eminent legal scholars, teaching many students during his tenure.[22][23]
According to some Shi'a scholars, he was poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Medina, Saudi Arabia on the order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.[24]. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi.
6Ja'far ibn Muhammadجعفر بن محمد
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu Abdillahأبو عبدالله
Title(Arabic/Turkish) - al-Sadiq[25]
(the Trustworthy)
Importance - Altinci Ali[10]
Established the Ja'fari jurisprudence and developed the Theology of Shi'a. He instructed many scholars in different fields, including Abu Hanifah and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Geber in science and alchemy.[25][26][27]
According to Shi'a sources, he was poisoned in Medina, Saudi Arabia on the order of Caliph Al-Mansur.[25]. Buried in Jannat al-Baqi.
Leader of the Shi'a community during the schism of Ismaili and other branches after the death of the former Imam, Jafar al-Sadiq.[30] He established the network of agents who collected khums in the Shi'a community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan.[31]
Imprisoned and poisoned in Baghdad, Iraq on the order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Buried in the Kazimayn shrine in Baghdad.[29]
Made crown-prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun, and famous for his discussions with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars.[32]
According to Shi'a sources, he was poisoned in Mashad, Iran on the order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun. Buried in the Imam Reza shrine in Mashad.[32
9Muhammad ibn Aliمحمد بن علي
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu Ja'farأبو جعفر
Title(Arabic/Turkish) al-Taqi, al-Jawad[33]
Importance - Dokuzuncu Ali[10]
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu Ja'farأبو جعفر
Title(Arabic/Turkish) al-Taqi, al-Jawad[33]
Importance - Dokuzuncu Ali[10]
Famous for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate.
Poisoned by his wife, Al-Ma'mun's daughter, in Baghdad, Iraq on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim. Buried in the Kazmain shrine in Baghdad.[33]
Poisoned by his wife, Al-Ma'mun's daughter, in Baghdad, Iraq on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim. Buried in the Kazmain shrine in Baghdad.[33]
Strengthened the network of deputies in the Shi'a community. He sent them instructions, and received in turn financial contributions of the faithful from the khums and religious vows.[34]
According to Shi'a sources, he was poisoned in Samarra, Iraq on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tazz.[35] Buried in the Al Askari Mosque in Samarra.
11Hassan ibn Aliالحسن بن علي
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu Muhammadأبو محمد
Title(Arabic/Turkish) al-Askari[36]
Importance - Onbirinci Ali[10]
For most of his life, the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, placed restrictions on him after the death of his father. Repression of the Shi'ite population was particularly high at the time due to their large size and growing power.[37]
According to Shi'a, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra, Iraq. Buried in Al Askari Mosque in Samarra.[38]
12Muhammad ibn al-Hassanمحمد بن الحسن
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu al-Qasimأبو القاسم
Title(Arabic/Turkish) al-Mahdi, Hidden Imam, al-Hujjah [39]
Importance - Onikinci Ali[10]
Name(Full/Kunya) - Abu al-Qasimأبو القاسم
Title(Arabic/Turkish) al-Mahdi, Hidden Imam, al-Hujjah [39]
Importance - Onikinci Ali[10]
According to Twelver doctrine, he is the current Imam and the promised Mahdi, a messianic figure who will return with Christ. He will reestablish the rightful governance of Islam and replete the earth with justice and peace.[41]
According to Shi'a doctrine, he has been living in the the Occultation since 872, and will continue as long as God wills it.[40]
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